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概要:
Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 1, 2012原著(Original Article)「保護する責任」とその軍事介入正当化要件の適用をめぐる課題The Responsibility to Protect and the Challenges over the Application of t....

Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 1, 2012原著(Original Article)「保護する責任」とその軍事介入正当化要件の適用をめぐる課題The Responsibility to Protect and the Challenges over the Application of the Criteriafor the Justification of Military Intervention(1)新沼剛AbstractThe endorsement of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) at the 2005 World Summit is a historical seachange in the international normative framework. The 2005 World Summit Outcome specifies the criteriafor the justification of military intervention for civilian protection as follows: genocide, war crimes, ethniccleansing and crimes against humanity. The specification allows the international community to legallyimplement coercive intervention (including the use of force) in these four cases under the ChapterⅦof theUnited Nations Charter.In the last several recent years, the international community has confronted the challenges to apply thecriteria to actual mass atrocities. On the one hand, many leaders of developing countries have becomecautious of the criteria because several countries misused them, contending that R2P will be abused bywestern economic and security interests as a‘Trojan horse’with which to exploit weak states. They areunwilling to support such an intrusive norm which undermines their states’sovereignty. On the other hand,some permanent members of the United Nations Security Council (SC) have been reluctant to apply R2Pto an actual case.The purpose of this article is to examine the challenges over the application of the criteria. In the firstsection, I present the historical background of R2P from an idea to an international norm. The turbulenceof civil wars in the 1990s encouraged the international community to seek a new international norm whichwould reduce the tension between human rights and states’sovereignty. In addition, by overviewing thenorm-setting process between 2000 and 2005, I identify the agreed ideas and the watered-down ideas ofR2P in the 2005 World Summit. In the second section, I analyze the following four challenges over theapplication: (I) misuse, (II) the use of veto, and (III) the legitimacy of military intervention without theauthorization of the SC. As the cases of Cyclone Nargis and the South Ossetia War in 2008 show, there isconsiderable risk that states would misuse the R2P criteria. Regarding the second challenge, I point outthe importance that the international community should create political circumstances that would makethe permanent members of the SC avoid using their veto. Subsequently, I argue against the legitimacy ofmilitary intervention without the authorization of the SC such as the“Uniting for Peace”resolution.キーワード:保護する責任、人道的介入、文民保護、人権、国家主権Keywords: The Responsibility to Protect, Humanitarian Intervention, Protection of Civilians, HumanRights, State Sovereignty(1)日本赤十字広島看護大学人道研究ジャーナルVol. 1, 2012115