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概要：
Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 1, 2012Nuclear accidents, Fukushima Daiichi and lessons for nuclear preparednessThe role and responsibility of JRCS in cases of large scale industrial accidents al....

Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 1, 2012Nuclear accidents, Fukushima Daiichi and lessons for nuclear preparednessThe role and responsibility of JRCS in cases of large scale industrial accidents also needs to be made clear.The Movement should continue to partner with JRCS both in giving assistance to the affected populationafter the nuclear accident and in defining how to address the humanitarian consequences of such disasterevents. It is important to formulate a specific strategy or guideline for the Movement which clarifiesboth the domestic and international roles of national societies and the potential roles of ICRC and IFRCwhen dealing with the humanitarian consequences of nuclear accidents. In my opinion, this should bedone preferably with a broader perspective, including other industrial disasters which could be caused bychemical, biological or other accidents ? or by acts of sabotage or terrorism. For example, the humanitarianneeds were immense after the catastrophic leak of methyl isocyanate at the Union Carbide chemical factoryin the Indian city of Bhopal in 1984. This is one of the world’s worst industrial disasters and it caused morethan 550,000 injuries, of which almost 4,000 were severely and permanently disabling. As many as 25,000deaths have been attributed to the disaster in recent estimates. In Japan, the release of methyl mercury inMinamata bay and Niigata are examples of tragic industrial disasters with thousands of victims, relatedto the slow release of chemicals. There are now extensive experiences of humanitarian interventions afterthe Chernobyl and Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disasters and the decision to develop such a framework wastaken through a resolution at the General Assembly of the IFRC in Geneva 2011. The process is led by theIFRC secretariat with participation of JRCS and several other concerned national societies with the aim ofpresenting a set of guidelines within the next few years.Assessment and preparednessAfter the disaster, it took 10 to 14 days to get a reasonably clear picture of the overall situation and themain needs. Even in the period up to June, some municipalities were struggling to identify clearly thepriority needs of their communities. The decentralised disaster management system in Japan compoundedthe situation. It is first and foremost the municipalities which are responsible for assessing and respondingto disasters but in some municipalities many key officers died and the administrations became virtuallynon-functioning. The prefectures depended on information from the affected municipalities and thiswas difficult to obtain through normal channels. The rescue and emergency services assisted to fill theinformation gap, but getting a clear picture of the situation nationally and then defining priority needs tooktime. JRCS also depended upon information from the municipalities as a basis for making its responsesince it had no independent assessment mechanism. The spontaneous flow of uncoordinated relief addedto the confusion.However, JRCS did have Chapters with close working relationships with their respective prefectures,which made access to information possible when it did become available. This information was conveyedto the national headquarters where a Task Force met daily under the leadership of the President. JRCSheadquarters tried to gather the most reliable information available from external and internal sources. Agroup of experienced disaster managers from partner national societies was invited and visited the fieldduring the first days after the disaster and brought a number of issues to the attention of JRCS.JRCS should train its domestic disaster response personnel to conduct assessments on the basis of IFRCdeveloped methodologies in order to reach the most vulnerable. This requires well-trained assessmentteams, ready to be deployed at short notice, who can help municipality authorities assess the needs of theircommunities. In large widespread disasters, this is only possible if there is a strong and well preparedvolunteer base at municipal level with systematic training and organisation for disaster intervention andeffective assessment. Therefore, JRCS needs to strengthen and diversify its trained volunteer base and have60人道研究ジャーナルVol. 1, 2012