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概要：
Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 1, 2012effective systems in place for their efficient mobilization and deployment. In Bangladesh, where frequentcyclones regularly devastate remote and inaccessibl....

Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 1, 2012effective systems in place for their efficient mobilization and deployment. In Bangladesh, where frequentcyclones regularly devastate remote and inaccessible coastal communities, for the past forty years the RedCrescent has trained more than 35,000 local community volunteers over a 4,000 km coastline to make andreport assessments of damage and needs in a consistent and systematic way. They also warn the populationof the approaching disaster through low-tech means and are equipped for rescue and first aid. This systemhas been substantially supported by JRCS over the years and could provide valuable lessons also forJapan, where preparedness to a high degree relies on complex and vulnerable technologies which provedinadequate or inaccessible to the elderly at the time of the tsunami in much of the affected communities.It is critical to raise the disaster awareness of residents and those in charge of disaster managementthrough disaster education and disaster drills and to review what type of information is essential at timesof evacuation. In many countries where the Red Cross or Red Crescent has a strong and trusted communitypresence with social or health programs, volunteers play an important role in conveying informationto residents who may be difficult to reach in other ways, such as elderly and disabled persons. Passingdown disaster-related culture over generations based on disasters that have occurred across history is veryimportant to improving people’s understanding. In addition to school education, effective informationprograms can be conducted by volunteers from the community if they are adequately trained and supported,and also included in Red Cross health and social establishment activities.Furthermore, as experience from disasters in other countries shows, in times of emergency, many peoplewho have not previously been connected to the Red Cross are eager to help, but need an organisationalframework within which to effectively do so. In Japan, several hundred thousand people from all over thecountry went to Tohoku as volunteers on their own initiative. Consequently, robust systems have to be inplace to handle a surge in the recruitment of new volunteers and their effective deployment in times ofdisaster, and models for how to do this can be found, for example, in the American Red Cross.The importance of psychosocial supportIn all disasters, many of the victims are seriously traumatised, especially among vulnerable groups suchas children and the elderly. The need for instant psychological first aid is immense, as people are oftenin shock, having lost relatives, friends, neighbours, homes and the sense of control over their own lives.Normal reactions include feelings of grief, anger, frustration, fear and loss of trust. Following the initialshock, psychosocial support needs are obvious, as whole communities are uprooted and relocated intotemporary camps.After the tsunami, the JRCS medical teams and dedicated teams provided psychosocial support as part oftheir emergency help, but many of those who are affected by this disaster will need such support for a verylong time. Professional help to do this is not feasible or available even in many high income countries,but experience shows that trained community volunteers can be mobilised. Effective and functionalmodels are available in many RC societies, in particular in Scandinavia, and IFRC has a reference centrefor method development and sharing of such experiences hosted by the Danish RC. Beyond immediatepsychological first aid, JRCS should therefore investigate how it could provide long-term, volunteerdeliveredpsychosocial support to individuals and communities as part of its recovery programme. Whenthe‘Estonia’ferry sank in the Baltic Sea in 1994, over 850 people drowned or died from hypothermia andpsychosocial support was provided to family members and friends for several years by the Swedish RedCross.Some of the most important lessons learned after the tsunami off the coast of Sumatra in 2004 are the人道研究ジャーナルVol. 1, 201261