「人道研究ジャーナル」Vol.2

「人道研究ジャーナル」Vol.2 page 5/276

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「人道研究ジャーナル」Vol.2

The Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 2, 2013psychological, social, financial, physical, natural or political assets. The resilience approach acknowledgesthat there is always capacity in people or communities. The objective of resilience strengthening is to increasethis capacity to withstand the effects of adversity.? Resilience can be seen as ability of an individual, community, organisation or a country. A comprehensiveapproach to resilience requires understanding the interconnectedness of these different levels and theirlink with regional and global levels. The Red Cross Red Crescent analysis often starts at the communitylevel and focuses on community resilience. A comprehensive analysis requires understanding individualsand households and their resilience within the community. In addition, we need to understand the externalenvironment and its impact on the resilience of individuals and their communities. Interventions to strengthenresilience can be taken on different levels and reinforce each other. An example is parallel advocacy for equalpublic health policies on a national level, access to improved waste management on a community level anddelivering vaccinations on an individual level.Another key aspect of the definition is the acknowledgement that individuals, communities, organizations andcountries are exposed to disasters and crises as well as underlying causes of vulnerability. These two categoriesare defined as follows:? Disasters and crises are the immediate causes or imminent threats, directly related to life and death situations,e.g. natural disasters, epidemics, conflict outbreaks, sudden volatility in food prices.? Underlying causes of vulnerability are longer-term causes and trends that undermine the potential fordevelopment and increase vulnerability, e.g. natural resource degradation, demographic changes, effects ofclimate change, non- communicable diseases, economic decline. The underlying causes of vulnerability canbe further categorized as follows into intermediate and root causes:? Intermediate causes affect people’s well-being and opportunities for development. Intermediatecauses generally point to what people lack or need. Examples include access to basic services, lackof skills, low livelihood productivity, and inadequate care for women and children.? Root causes relate to the structural underpinnings of underdevelopment, specifically social systemsand political economic structures and environmental issues. They focus on why intermediate causesexist. Examples include poor governance (political), marginalization and social exclusion (social),terms of trade (economic) or environmental carrying capacity (environmental).? There are many interdependencies between immediate causes and underlying causes of vulnerability.For example, the risk of famine or a violent conflict may rise due to chronic natural resourcedegradation. Similarly, adapting to climate change and carefully managing migration may help toreduce the risk of disasters and conflicts. The nature of vulnerability is such that it is often impossiblefor National Societies to address vulnerability to imminent threats without addressing some of theunderlying causes.The definition lists the different abilities of anticipating, reducing the impact of, coping with, and recoveringfrom the effects of adversity. Resilience is therefore not just the immediate ability to respond to negative‘events’人道研究ジャーナルVol. 2, 20133