「人道研究ジャーナル」Vol.2 page 6/276

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「人道研究ジャーナル」Vol.2

The Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 2, 2013but rather a process of positive adaptation before, during and after adversity. At its core the resilience approachis an attempt to protect development gains in the longer term and to reduce the dramatic decline in developmentthat disasters and crises cause. For the IFRC, this highlights the overlapping nature of preparedness, relief, andrecovery work and bridging these to more developmental work.Finally, an essential part of the definition is that resilience means coping with adversity without compromisinglong-term prospects. This distinguishes resilience from bare survival. Resilience is an ability to‘bounce back’oreven to‘bounce forward’rather than simply return to vulnerability. Strengthening resilience can be associated withwindows of opportunities for change and transformation, often opening after a disturbance.Resilience as IntegratorThe beauty ? but also the challenge ? of the human resilience concept (and as we see in definitions, there are stronglinkages to the concept of“human security”adopted and promoted by Japan both domestically and in the Japaneseinternational humanitarian and development aid), (1) is that it gives a holistic view of ability of human beings toresist internal and external shocks. Indeed, we know from our own life experience that there are many aspects andangles to safety and sense of well-being: health, economic situation, psychological stability and state of happiness,access to various safety nets ? family, friends, social security, health infrastructure, shelter, timely information,quality information, etc etc etc. Each component here is important, and weights differently in different parts of theworld and different social groups. Family support systems, value of individual vs. collective, level of the countryeconomic development ? and many other factors play a role in determining vulnerability of people to potentialinternal or external shocks. And these shocks are not just about natural or man made disasters (of which conflictsare an integral part ? take a note, for example, of the drastic increase in human vulnerability we are witnessingright now as a result of conflicts in Northern Africa and Syria). Economic crisis, increase of unemployment, dropFigure1. Interventions to strengthen resilience aim to (a.) addressunderlying causes of volnerability in order to protect development,(b.) reduce and mitigate radical drops in resilience caused bydisasters and crises and (c.) enhance bouncing back from adversity.Resilience levelCritical resilience levelStrengthening resilience through:ReliefEarly recoveryRecoveryLong term resilience and preparedness programming (developmental)TimeResilience level ifinterventions are undertakenUnderlying causeof vulnerabilityDisasteror crisisInterventionThis figure is extracted from "The Road to resillience/bridging relief and development for a more sustainablefuture", IFRC, June 20124人道研究ジャーナルVol. 2, 2013