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「人道研究ジャーナル」Vol.2

The Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 2, 2013they were in dreadful shock and had received injuries themselves. The skeletonised Hiroshima Red Cross Hospitalin the ashen land hung a piece of cloth with a big Red Cross mark. As a result, many injured victims headed tothe building. In fact, the Red Cross flag was made by hand by nurses. Many nurses who were dispatched to theHiroshima Army Hospital also lost their lives. However, some miraculously survived nurses with severe injuriesstarted to carry out their first relief activities at a tentatively built aid station in the city, and they worked tirelesslyto fulfil their duties.However, almost no memoirs about the A-bomb relief activities done by those nurses have been set down;therefore, their activities have not been commonly known. It had been generally believed that most nurses werekilled in an extremely dreadful situation. Owing to this, thirty years after the war, former-nurses of the JRCSHyogo Chapter Relief team No. 106 jointly published a book entitled‘The Mushroom Cloud: Memories of theJapanese Red Cross Nurses Attached to the Forces’(1984), which revealed the reality of the bombed victims andrelief activities. People called the nuclear cloud as“The Mushroom Cloud”that was produced just after the atomicdetonation.There were some recorded materials about A-bomb relief in‘Notes of the Requiem: The History of the JapaneseRed Cross Society Hiroshima Chapter Wartime Relief Activities’written in 1981. However, the publication wasnot for sale so that only limited people have had the opportunity to read the memoirs as well as the relevantpublications edited by the JRCS Hiroshima Chapter afterward.More than 65 years have passed since the war ended and the number of generations who were in the war hasdecreased in Japan. For this reasons, this paper would like to highlight the relief activities of the Japanese RedCross nurses, through their memories, and would like to pass on them to the future generation.I The History of Japanese Red Cross Female Relief Workers1.The Origin of Japanese Red Cross Female Relief WorkersThe Japanese Red Cross Society (JRCS) has been training nurses since the late 19 th century. They worked notonly in hospitals but also carried out their medical treatment during wars and in natural disasters as female reliefworkers. This section will focus on its long history of Red Cross nurses in Japan.The JRCS was founded as Hakuaisha, (the Philanthropic Society) during the battles of the South-western Warknown as the Satsuma Rebellion in Japan in May 1877. The Society sent relief parties, including doctors andmedical care workers, to the battle field in order to care for the wounded. Relief parties were initially formed ofmales only. However, since a very early stage, the Society had recognised the needs of female workers. HeinrichSiebold (1) introduced relief activities carried out by women outside Japan at the General Assembly of Hakuaishaon 24 May 1880, and Dr. Shoukei Shibata (2) made a speech about overseas women’s relief activities at the GeneralAssembly on 26 June 1884. It could be said that their reports stimulated the society’s interest in female workers.On the other hand, national societies contained nursing education in the resolution of the Second InternationalConference of the Red Cross in Berlin in 1869, and they also mentioned nursing education during peace time inthe resolution of the Third International Conference of the Red Cross in Geneva in 1884. Tsunatsune Hashimoto,a surgeon major-general, attended the third conference as an observer. After his return to Japan, he proposed人道研究ジャーナルVol. 2, 201365