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「人道研究ジャーナル」Vol.2

The Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 2, 2013Ten years after the Russo-Japanese War, World War I (1914-1918) occurred and the JRCS deployed female reliefnurses to the tentatively established hospitals in Qingdao, German-leased territory, in Mainland China. There theyreceived a number of German injured soldiers and treated the wounded of any allied national forces. Furthermore,at the request of British, French and Russian Red Cross Societies, the JRCS sent relief parties with 57 nursesin total to those countries. During their one and a half year mission in the United Kingdom, France and Russia,Japanese female relief workers drew the attention of people in each country. Consequently, Japanese Red Crossnurses developed friendships with nurses in these countries.When the Siberian Intervention (1918-1922) commenced at the end of the First World War, the JRCS dispatched136 relief nurses to the East Siberia. As a result, 2 nurses died in the line of duty due to the extreme cold.3. The Second Sino-Japanese War / The Pacific War and Female Relief WorkersIn the 1930’s, the Manchuria Incident (1931) and the Battle of Shanghai (1932) erupted. The JRCS additionallyformed an emergency relief party consisting of some female relief nurses. Furthermore, on 7 July 1937, the SecondSino-Japanese War (1937-1945) broke out. The battlefield gradually expanded which, in turn, led to a drasticincrease in a number of injured and wounded combatants. The JRCS started to deploy a large number of reliefparties to the Army and Naval Hospitals in Mainland China after that the Minister of War ordered the JRCS on 28July 1937 to send medical ships to China. Furthermore, a number of deployments to the Army Hospitals in Japanproper rose. All JRCS hospitals including branch hospitals throughout Japan were designated as military hospitals,and changed their names from the Red Cross Hospital to the Army Red Cross Hospital such as‘the HiroshimaArmy Red Cross Hospital’.During the Second Sino-Japanese War, the Pacific War (1941-1945) broke out on 8 December 1941. The full-scalewar was drastically expanded to South Asia such as Burma, Philippines and the South Pacific Islands. In response,the JRCS sent relief parties to all these areas. Between the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War (7 July 1937)and the end of the Pacific War (15 August 1945), the JRCS dispatched 960 relief parties in total to the Army andNaval Hospitals, the military facilities and medical ships in Japan and overseas, which included the JRCS chaptersin Japan proper and in Taiwan, Korean and the Kwantung Leased Territory. The total number of relief workersreached 33,156 including 1,888 chief nurses and 29,562 relief nurses. (8)Relief parties previously consisted of about 24 members including doctors, officers, chief nurses, nurses andassistants. However, at the end of the Pacific War, the average number of member staff became 21 and in somecases, a chief nurse also acted as an officer.In the overseas battlefield, the Imperial Japanese Army greatly suffered from a shortage of food and materialresources, meaning they inevitably faced the fate of defeats. As a consequence, nurses of relief parties struggledalongside the sick and wounded soldiers amongst the mountains in the battlefields in abroad. It was thoroughlymiserable condition. They were bombed, and many of them were infested with malaria and died eventually. Nursessent to the Army Hospitals in Japan also faced danger due to repetitive heavy air-raids. Some relief parties lostalmost all their nurses due to the bombing of an air-raid shelter where they had evacuated during the airstrikes.During the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Pacific War, a total of 1,120 nurses died in the line of duty.人道研究ジャーナルVol. 2, 201367