ブックタイトルThe Journal of Humanitarian Studies

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The Journal of Humanitarian Studies

Journal of Humanitarian Studies Vol. 4, 2015activities at patients’homes or in hospitals. Given the scarcity of hospitals in Japan, which persisted untilthe early 20th century, the graduates were sent to patients’houses through the External Service Department(Visiting Nurse Section) and other departments established in branches to provide nursing where it wasneeded.As described, the nurse training provided by the Japanese Red Cross Society was cutting-edge at the timefrom a Japanese perspective and in terms of the entrance requirement, education period and contents. Thischaracteristic meant the training was not only conducted in the Headquarters in Tokyo but extended tobranches nationwide.(2) Enhancement of training programmeThrough experience of wartime relief activities during the Meiji period, it became apparent that RedCross nurses deployed to provide sanitary support to military members had to attain not only technicalproficiency but also cultivate mental culture. During the Sino-Japanese war (1894-1895) where Red Crossnurses dedicated to wartime relief activities provided sanitary support to military members for the firsttime, Mitsuko Takayama, an educator with experience of teaching at the Peeresses’School, was appointedas nurse supervisor as well as a nurse supervisor of training institutions and a training manager to supervisefemale relief personnel. Since then, by the end of the Second World War, the seventh generation of nursesupervisors trained nurse students in the Japanese Red Cross Society Hospital Institution for the Trainingof Nurses.In 1898, the“Commandments for Japanese Red Cross Society Nurses”were promulgated, reflectingthe mental attitude of the Red Cross nurses. It was compiled based on President Sano’s commandments,composing with the twenty items. These were renewed to ten items later and named“Ten Instructions ofRelief Personnel”. It became mental basis for Red Cross nurse students.1. Be benevolent and sincere2. Be diligent and cooperative3. Be patient and tolerant4. Be steady and self-controlled5. Be modest and prudent6. Be obedient and disciplined7. Be variant and calm8. Be active and careful9. Be simple and upright10. Be gentle and elegantTo enhance and unify the quality of Red Cross nurses, given the quality gap that also emerged betweenthe center and local areas of Japan, established rules for selecting branch model nurses were provided.The rules enabled the Japanese Red Cross Society Hospital to receive a number of students selected byeach branch, while an internship system was also established for students having completed the academiccurriculum at each branch to pursue practical training at Japan Red Cross hospital for one or two years.This system lasted from 1899 to 1917.Academic terms were changed from three and a half years to three years to unify the curriculum amongthe headquarters and branches. As for the subjects, specialized subjects were taught by medical staff ofthe Japanese Red Cross Hospital while moral training, English, sewing, physical exercise, music and othergeneral subjects were taught by visiting lecturers. Educational materials were developed and field visits,athletic meets, school trips and excursions were also introduced. Regarding education methods, it wastaken into account that supervision should be given edifyingly using original objects and their models orthrough experiments. Subjects which require cognitive focus should be scheduled at a time when studentshave good attentiveness; transportation of patients (stretcher practice) and physical exercise should be96人道研究ジャーナルVol. 4, 2015